Posted in Love, Subject Index

Special Sermon Studies: Love – Its Involvements (Matthew 22:34-40)

   September 1, 1998

I. INTRODUCTION:

1. Text (Matthew 22:34-40) shows great value Lord put on love.

  • A. Why the greatest?
    • 1) Can go no higher in attitude toward God—full consecration! Cf. Mk. 12:30.
    • 2) Can do no more for fellow-man than to love as self- Cf. Matt. 7:12.
  • B. Love certainly not less important under gospel dispensation:
    • 1) Coming & death of Christ the highest manifestation of God’s love to man- 1 Jno. 4:9; Rom. 5:6-8.
    • 2) Christ made love a distinguishing feature of His disciples- Jno. 13:34,35.
    • 3) N. T. writers gave it great emphasis- 2Cor. 5:14; 1 Jno. 4:7-11, 19-21.

2. Since love is so important, we should be sure that we:

  • A. Understand it!
    • 1) Otherwise, may be deceived—think we love God, brethren, truth, etc. when we don’t!
    • 2) This evidently true of some Jews in Christ’s time- Jno. 5:42.
    • 3) No room for assumption—must be sure! 1Jno. 4:8; 2Thess. 1:7,8.
  • B. Practice it!
    • 1) To misunderstand & be deceived is bad!
    • 2) But, to understand & not practice is far worse—REBELLION! Lk. 12:47,48; Cf. 1Sam. 15:23; Deut. 18:9-12.

3. Purpose of lesson: to set forth proper concept of love by showing what it involves.

4. When this done, will be evident that love is not merely a:

  • A. Shallow emotionalism that one only feels!
  • B. Hollow profession that one makes- Cf. Matt. 23:3; 1Jno. 3:18.

II. DISCUSSION:

1. Love To God Involves OBEDIENCE.

  • A. Numerous Bible statements prove it:
    • 1) Jno. 14:21—“He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that…”
    • 2) Jno. 14:23—“If a man love me, he will keep my words…”
    • 3) Jno. 15:14—“Ye are my friends, if…”
    • 4) 1Jno. 2:5—“Whoso keepeth his word, in him verily…”
    • 5) 1Jno. 5:3—“This is the love of God, that we keep…”
  • B. Some would call this “legalism”— Bible shows it is involved in love!
  • C. Those who do not obey the Lord do not love Him- Cf. Jno. 14:24; 1 Jno. 2:4,5.
  • D. Love would eliminate all excuses for not obeying—those made by:
    • 1) Non-members—some say:
      • A) “Not ready yet.” (How long would it take, if you loved God per Matt. 22:37).
      • B) “Don’t know enough.” (How long would it take to learn, if you truly loved God? Cf. Pentecostians, Eunuch, Jailor. Are your present efforts indicative of love?)
      • C) “I intend to someday.” (Love goes beyond mere intentions! Cf. Man who really loves fiancé. God’s terms are “NOW”- 2Cor. 6:2; Heb. 3:7,8. Love involves respect for God’s wishes! Something other than love causes one to say to God, “YOU JUST WAIT!”)
    • 2) Erring children of God for neglect of duty—some say:
      • A) “Someone offended me.” (If they loved God, would not take spite out on Him! Unjust & silly to hold God responsible for actions of those who disregard His will- Cf. 1Cor. 10:32; Phil. 1:10. Example: Refusing to work for employer because offended by fellow-employee!)
      • B) “Had company over weekend.” (True love for God does not cease when company arrives & begin when it leaves! Suspending service during presence of company proof that love is not genuine toward: God—don’t put Him first! But, Matt.6:33. Company—set example which may lead to damnation!)
  • E. Is obedience included in your love? Genuine or feigned?

2. Love To Both God And Man Involves Sacrifice.

  • A. Use “sacrifice” in sense of “giving up” that which is desirable— “3….surrender of some desirable thing in behalf of a higher object, or devotion of it to a claim deemed more pressing…” (Webster).
  • B. Sacrifice involved in:
    • 1) Divine love—that of:
      • A) God- Jno. 3:16; Rom. 5:6-8.
      • B) Christ- Matt. 20:28; Jno. 10:11; Gal. 1:4; Cf. 2Cor. 8:9.
    • 2) Love of the most faithful Bible characters:
      • A) Paul- Acts 15:26; 21:13; 2Cor. 12:15.
      • B) Epaphroditus- Phil 2:29,30.
    • 3) Genuine parental love:
      • A) Many a mother has given life to save her child! (Some have: Entered burning buildings! Thrown selves in paths of speeding trains. Genuineness of such love cannot be doubted!)
      • B) Woman in Solomon’s time agreed to give her child to another to save its life- 1Kings 3:16-28.
  • C. Our love not genuine unless it involves sacrifice! True of:
    • 1) Love for God—must give up:
      • A) Sinful pleasures, tho means persecution- Cf. Heb. 11:25.
      • B) Man’s wisdom, tho it makes us unpopular- Cf. 1Cor. 4:9-13.
      • C) Own wishes, tho termed “legalists!- Cf. Isa. 55:7-9.
      • D) Own physical & mental ease, tho termed “fanatics”- Cf. Acts 26:19-24.
    • 2) Love for fellow-man—must surrender, if necessary, our:
      • A) Own wishes to gain weak- Rom. 15:l; Cf. 1Cor. 9:22; l0:33.
      • B) Leisure time & physical ease to teach lost- Cf. Acts 20:31; 1Thess. 2:9.
      • C) Luxrious living to support Lord’s work- Cf. Matt. 8:20; 2Cor. 11:27.
      • D) Popularity to tell people the truth- Cf. Gal. 4:16.
  • D. All boasts of love without & apart from sacrifice are meaningless & hypocritical! Cf. Jas. 2:18.

3. Love For God Involves Right Attitudes Toward Word Of God.

  • A. Right attitude toward God’s word involves belief in its:
    • 1) Necessity.
      • A) Apart from His revealed word, can know nothing of God’s: (Character- Exo. 34:6,7; Num 23:19; Acts 10:34; 1 Jno. 4:8; Heb. 12:29.; Will- 1Thess. 4:3; 5:18; 1Pet. 2:15.; Promises- 2Tim. 1:1; Heb. 9:15; 1Jno. 2:25.; Threats- Rom. 2:8,9; Rev. 21:8.; Standard of judgment- Jno. 12:48.)
      • B) Therefore, apart from word, cannot be: (God-like in this life- See (a) & (b) above. Prepared to dwell with God in life to come.)
      • C) Every effort to minimize word minimizes importance of all these! THIS NOT LOVE FOR GOD!!!
    • 2) Comprehensiveness.
      • A) Many statements to this effect: (Apostles guided into all truth- Jno. 16:13; Cf. 1Cor. 14:37; 15:3; 1Jno. 1:3,4.; Given all things that pertain to life & godliness- 2Pet. 1:3.; Scriptures throughly furnish unto all good works- 2 Tim. 3:16,17.; Word constitutes perfect law of liberty- Jas. 1:25).
      • B) Therefore, nothing in spiritual realm we need to know, believe or do which Bible does not reveal!
      • C) Cannot really believe in comprehensiveness of word & contend for: (Creeds & manuels of men!; Latter-day revelations!;Operation of Spirit separate and apart from word! Discuss 1Cor. 2:14.
    • 3) Comprehensibility.
      • A) To say Bible incomprehensible is to impugn either God’s: Intelligence—would but couldn’t make message clear! Or, Goodness—could but wouldn’t make it clear!
      • B) Either position shows lack of love for God!
      • C) TRUTH: Eph. 3:3-5; 5:17; Cf. 1Jno. 5:3.
    • 4) Authoritativeness.
      • A) This the inevitable conclusion from such passages as: Num. 23:19. Ps. 119:89; Isa. 40:8; Matt 24:35. Ps. 33:4; 119:160. 19:7. Isa. 8:20. Jno. 12:48. (To believe the passages = to admit authoritativeness of the word!; To deny authoritativeness = to deny passages!)
      • B) Many Bible examples show scriptures cannot be successfully broken—authoritative! What God says is IT! (Young prophet of 1Kings 13. 1) God’s requirement- v. 17. 2) Old prophet lied to him & he broke God’s word-Vv. 18,19. 3) Yet, no harm came immediately! Successful? 4) Emphasize V. 24.) (Prophecies concerning Christ: God said: a) He would be born of a virgin- Isa. 7:14; Cf. Lk. 1:26-37.;b) He would be born in Bethlehem- Micah 5:2; Cf. Matt. 2:1-10.; c) He would be despised & rejected- Isa. 53:2; Cf. Jno. 1:11; Matt. 27: 39-44.; d) His feet & hands would be pierced- Ps. 22:16. Cf. Crucifixion (Barnes’ Notes @ Matt. 27:35).; e) They would cast lots for His garments- Ps. 22:18; Cf. Jno. 19: 23, 24.; f) Not a bone would be broken- Ps. 34:20; Cf. Jno. 19: 30-36.) (The combined powers of Jews & Roman Empire could not break a single prophecy! Actually, they unwittingly fulfilled them! Acts 13:27. When God spoke, nothing could change it! FULFILLMENT remained!)
      • C) Yet, many do not believe authoritativeness of word—say: “I know Bible says…but, don’t you think…?”; “I wouldn’t give my feelings for a stack of Bibles a mile high!”; “You can prove anything by the Bible!”
      • D) These concepts of God’s word show lack of love for God! (Example: Child making similar statements about parents’ word! Indicate love???)

4. Love Involves Service. (AND Acceptable Service Involves Love).

  • A. Service involved in love to both:
    • 1) God:
      • A) Love & service often mentioned together- Deut. 10:12; 11:13,14; Josh. 22:5; Isa. 55:6,7.
      • B) Lord used “serve” and “love” synonymously- Matt. 6:24. (One he would love—other he would hate. One he would serve—other he would despise (neglect).
      • C) All Bible characters whose love is unquestionable were diligent servants of God: (Jesus Christ: 1) So called by God in prophecy- Isa. 42:1-4; Cf. Matt. 12:14-21.; 2) Humbly took form of servant- Phil. 2:6,7.; 3) Diligently served- Jno. 9:4; 17:4.) (Paul: 1) Often referred to himself as a servant- Rom. 1:1; Phil. 1:1; Titus 1:1.; 2) Affirmed that he served the Lord- Acts 20:17-19; Rom. 1:9;3) His diligence cannot be doubted- Acts 20:31; 1Thess. 2:9.
      • D) Conclusion: Little & negligent service indicates little & questionable love!!!
    • 2) Man:
      • A) Genuine love to fellow-man will cause one to serve him- Gal. 5:13. (Not in sense condemned in 1Cor. 7:23.; Means to work to promote his welfare- Cf. 1Cor. 9:19; 10:33; Phil. 2:4; Includes: 1)Teaching him the truith. How can one honestly claim to love another, when, knowing he is on the way to hell, he makes no effort to teach him the only thing that will save??? Cf Jno. 8:32; 1Pet. 1:22; 2) Restoring the fallen- Gal. 6:1,2.; 3) Correction & rebuke- Cf. Prov. 3:12; Rev. 3:19.; 4) Forbearance & forgiveness- Eph. 4:2, 32.; 5) Rendering material aid- 1Jno. 3:17,18).
      • B) Of the two ways to love (1Jno. 3:18), which have you chosen? Which have I chosen?
  • B. But, acceptable service involves (must be prompeted by) love!
    • 1) Possible to render service from ulterior motives—to:
      • A) Be seen of men- Matt. 6:1,2.
      • B) Boast- Cf. Proud Pharisee- Lk. 18:9-14.
      • C) “Show up” someone else.
    • 2) Tho service may be prompted by many good motives, vain without love!
      • A) Good to serve from desire to: Do duty.; Avoid God’s wrath.; Set right example.; Make world a better & safer place.; Build up the church.
      • B) But must never overlook love- 1Cor. 13:1-3.
    • 3) Possible to overwork appeal: “It is your duty.”
      • A) “Give because it is your duty.” (Paul put emphasis on love- 2Cor. 8:24; 9:7).
      • B) “Teach because…duty.” (Without sincere love for souls, will: 1) Do no good as far as we are concerned.; 2) Likely fail to convert those we teach).
      • C) “Attend because…duty.” (Should also stress blessings, privileges & joys of such assemblies- Ps. 26:8; 27:4; 122:1).
    • 4) Service without love is empty formality—VAIN!!!

5. Love Involves Right attitude Toward Brethren.

  • A. Awful condition of one who does not love his brother:
    • 1) Is not like God- 1Jn. 3:1; 4:11.
    • 2) Abides in death- 1Jno. 3:14.
    • 3) Does not know God (Meaning: has no relation)- 1Jno. 4:7,8; Cf. 2 Thess. 1:7,8.
    • 4) God does not dwell in him- 1Jno. 4:12.
    • 5) Does not love God- 1Jno. 4:20,2l.
      • A) SURELY, NO HOPE OF HEAVEN!!!
  • B. NO WONDER brotherly love:
    • 1) So often commanded!
      • A) Jno. 13:34—“A new commandment I give unto you…”
      • B) Matt. 22:39—Second greatest command under law. Cf. Rom. 13:8,10.
      • C) Jno. 15:12—“This is my commandment, That ye love…”
      • D) Jno. 15:17—“These things I command you, That the love…”
      • E) 1Jno 3:23—“And this is his commandment…”
      • F) 1Jno. 4:21—“And this commandment we have from him…”
    • 2) So highly commended or extolled!
      • A) Poverty with love excells riches with hatred- Prov. 15:17.
      • B) A fruit of the Spirit against which there is no law-Gal. 5:22,23.
      • C) To be extended to enemies as well as to friends- Matt. 5:43-46.
      • D) Is of God- 1Jno. 4:7. (All true love has its origin in Him! Cf. Mercy, Goodness, Truth, etc).
      • E) God is love- 1Jno. 4:8. (A metaphor—one thing called by another term which denotes the characteristic which is to be made prominent.; Means: 1) All true love comes from God.; 2) All in God’s plan stems from love. Hence, to love = to be God-like; extent of love = extent God-likeness!
    • 3) So constantly guarded!
      • A) Bible teaching guards against its: (Cessation- Heb. 13:1; (b) Corruption by pretence- Rom. 12:9; 1Pet. 1:22.; Narrowness or contraction- Matt. 5:44,46.;Weakness or lack of fervor- 1Pet. 1:22; Phil 1:9).
      • B) Are we heeding these warnings? Is our love living & growing or dying by degrees?
    • 4) So clearly defined!
      • A) As an abstract principle, love hard to define. (When we define “life,” “love,” etc., often need to define the definition!)
      • B) Yet, life of Jesus from birth to ascension well defines love. (Emphasize: Humiliation, Patience, Suffering, Death & Burial!; Paul speaks of Christ’s love in 4 dimensions- Eph. 3:13-19. 1) Its breadth—has no national, racial nor Calvinistic limitations- Heb. 2:9; Cf. Matt. 28:19; Mk. 16:15.; 2) Its length—reaches from eternal purpose of God to eternal blessings at last- Cf. Eph. 1:3-6; 3:11; 1Pet. 1:18-21.; 3) Its depth—reaches down to lowest sinner- 1Tim. 1:15.; 4) Its height—reaches to (exalts men to) heaven- Cf. Col. 1:5; 1Pet. 1:3,4).
      • C) Just so, brotherly love must NOT: (Be limited to kindred, clique, or nationality! Stop short of salvation of fellow-man! Exclude those in lowest depths of sin! Ever fail to point men to heaven!)
  • C. Attitudes which are NOT attitudes of love:
    • 1) Don’t care attitude. Acts 18:12-17; Lk. 10:25-37.
      • A) Actions of some show they don’t care whether brother: (Lives or dies, sinks or swims—physically & spiritually! Is faithful or unfaithful! Goes to heaven or hell!)
      • B) Such attitude no akin to love!!!
    • 2) Neglectful attitude.
      • A) Some say, “I mean to…” but NEVER GET AROUND TO IT!
      • B) Contrast attitude of Jesus- Jno. 4:34; 9:4.
    • 3) Better-than-thou attitude.
      • A) Who can see any trace of brotherly love in speech of proud Pharisee? Lk. 18:11,12. (Brotherly love crowded out by self love!)
      • B) Contrast Paul’s instruction- Phil. 2:3
    • 4) Sneering, scornful attitude.
      • A) This the attitude of those who: (Deliberately shun brother. 1) I have had brethren become offended at me for telling them the truth and shun my 18 month old baby! Christians? 2) N. B Hardeman would verbally “skin” young preachers who thought they were so high & mighty that they would go down town and speak to “only a few white folks and no black folks at all!”;Turn up nose and make slight remarks when brother’s name mentioned.; Retort with: “Yeah, but…!” when he is commended.; Always manage to make some “catty” remark if & when they do talk to him).
      • B) Tho such may TALK MUCH about love, attitude shows they are VOID OF IT!
    • 5) Compromising attitude!
      • A) These shun to point out errors because they want to “get along” and have no “hard feelings.”
      • B) Paul reproved Corinthians that they might know his love-2Cor. 2:4; Cf. 1Cor. 5.
      • C) Who really loves his brother? The fellow who: (Covets his “good will” so much he let’s him go to hell without warning, reproof? OR, Runs risk of sacrificing his “good will” to warn him so he can go to heaven? Cf. Eph. 4:15. One = SELFISHNESS! Other = LOVE!)

    D. Brotherly love a two-way street—MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS!

    • 1) Some don’t seem to realize it—say of:
      • A) Other members: “Don’t show any love for me.” (Do you show any for them??? Cf. Prov. 18:24).
      • B) Elders & deacons: “Don’t act like the love me.” (Do you act like ou love them???; How does one who loves them act?)
      • C) Preacher: “No love in his preaching.” (Any in your listening? Cf. Acts 22:21-23.; How does one who really love the preacher act?)
    • 2) Emphasize “golden rule”- Matt. 7:12.
    • 3) Always demanding to be on “receiving side” of ledger =selfishness, not love!!!

6. Love Involves Right Character.

  • A. 1Cor. 13:4-7 shows character of one ruled & activated by love—he:
    • 1) “Suffereth long”- V. 4.
      • A) Because he loves people, he suffers their insults & injuries a long time. Cf. Lk. 9:51-56; 23:34
      • B) Is not “trigger-happy.” (Unlike Moses- Num. 20:1-12.; Rather, like Christ- Col. 3:12,13; 1Pet. 2:23).
    • 2) “Is kind”- V. 4.
      • A) Good natured, gentle, tender.
      • B) Not hard-hearted, as Richard The Lion Heart.
    • 3) “Envieth not”- V. 4.
      • A) Not discontented over happiness & success of others.
      • B) Does not dislike those better, wealthier & happier than he.
      • C) Bible teaching on envy- Job. 5:2; Prov. 14:30; Acts 7:9; 17:5; 13:42-45.
    • 4) “Vaunteth not…is not puffed up”- V. 4.
      • A) Not vainglorious nor swelled up with own importance.
      • B) Practices Rom. 12:3; Matt.23:1-12; Lk. 14:7-11.
      • C) W. Curtis Porter a fine example.
    • 5) “Doth not behave…unseemly”- V. 5.
      • A) Conduct is fitting, appropriate- Cf. 1Tim. 4:12; Gal. 2:20.
      • B) Respects feeling & wishes of others—considers life a two- way street.
    • 6) “Seeketh not her own”- V. 5.
      • A) Seeks not own good only, nor at detriment of others.
      • B) Works for good of all- 1Cor. 10:33; Phil. 2:4, 19-21.
      • C) Thus, follows: (Christ- 2Cor. 8:9; Rom. 5:6-8.; Paul- 2Cor. 11:22-28; Acts 21:8-14).
    • 7) “Not easily provoked”- V. 5.
      • A) Does not: (Give way to fits of anger; “Fly off the handle” at the least provocation. People who do so are described as having a “short fuse.”)
      • B) Plain Bible statements about anger & being angry: (Anger: 1) Grievous words stir up anger- Prov. 15:1.; 2) Discretion deferreth anger- Prov. 19:11.; 3) Of the sower of iniquity: “…the rod of his anger shall fail.”- Prov. 22:8.; 4) Anger rests in the bosom of fools- Eccl. 7:9.; 5) Simeon & Levi reprimanded for results of their anger- Gen. 49:5-7; Cf.Gen. 34:20-31.; 6) God’s anger kindled against Balaam who loved the wages of unrighteousness- Num. 22:12, 15-22.; 7) Christians are to put off all anger- Col. 3:8-10.) (Being angry: 1) God is angry with the wicked every day-Psa. 7:11; Cf. 76:7. (Judicial, not emotional, anger).; 2) “He that is soon angry dealeth foolishly”-Prov. 14:17.; 3) “It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a contentious and an angry woman”- Prov.21:19. (ASV: “fretful”).; 4) “Make no friendship with an angry man; and with a furious man thou shalt not go”- Prov. 22:24.; 5) “Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry: for anger resteth in the bosom of fools”- Eccl. 7:9.; 6) “…whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment…”- Matt. 5:22.; 7) Elder brother refused to welcome his penitent prodigal brother because of being angry- Lk. 15:28-32. 8) Jews who circumcised on the sabbath were angry with Jesus for healing on the sabbath-Jno. 7:22-24. No wonder Mk. 3:5.; 9) “Be ye angry, and sin not…”- Eph. 4:26. Anger is often righteous indignation which is not sinful!!!; 10) Of an elder: “…not soon angry…”- Titus 1:7).
      • C) Emphasize: Prov. 16:32; Jas.1:19,20.
      • D) Man of text is: calm, patient, understanding!
    • 8) “Thinketh no evil”- V. 5.
      • A) ASV: “taketh not account of evil.”
      • B) Does not “chalk up” insults received. (Examples: 1) Man who said, “That’s one!”; 2) Guys at work: “There will be pay-back!”; 3) Horse trader: Wanted beautiful balking mare so he could get even with another trader.; 4) Scalding water treatment!) (Some would revise golden rule (Matt. 7:12) to read: “All evil whatsoever men do to you, do ye even so to them—double!”)
    • 9) “Rejoiceth not in iniquity”- V. 6.
      • A) Wrong-doing brings him no joy- Cf. Rom. 1:32.
      • B) Not one who shuns doing wrong acts himself but encourages others to do them & delights in their acts!
    • 10) “Rejoiceth in the truth”- V. 6.
      • A) Delights in its: (Teaching- Cf. Neh. 8:1-8.; Defense- Cf. Phil.1:17. Those who say, “Should not debate; debates do no good; debating turns people away from the truth,” are not motivated by love!; Practice- 3Jno. 3, 4).
      • B) His interests lie in the right direction.
    • 11) “Beareth all things”- V. 7.
      • A) Patiently takes wrongs, insults, hardships & mistreatments!
      • B) Good commentaries: (Christ- Matt. 27:15-23, 29-31, 39-44; Cf. 1Pet. 2:21,22.; Paul- 2Cor. 11:24-29).
      • C) Not a quitter, but keeps on though way be steep & rough!
    • 12) “Believeth all things”- V. 7.
      • A) Does not mean universal credulity (belief of just anything & everything)- 1Jno. 4:1; Matt. 24:23-27. (Of course, to believe all God says- Jno. 17:17. Heb. 11:6. lCor. 1:21.; We are not to believe men’s opinions about what God says!
      • B) BUT, in text, meaning likely is: Put best possible construction on conduct of others; seek to believe they are actuated by good motives until facts prove otherwise!
    • 13) “Hopeth all things”- V. 7.
      • A) Not a pessimist who always looks on dark side. (Examples: 1) Preacher trying to catch ferry.; 2) Some say, “World has ‘gone to the dogs’— there’s no need to try to convert anyone.” But, Rom. 1:28-32; But, Matt. 28:19,20; Mk.16:15.) (Should have attitude of young insurance salesman!)
      • B) Hopes for the best in people & events—that all will turn out well.
    • 14) “Endureth all things”- V. 7.
      • A) About the same as “beareth all things.”
      • B) Bears up under evils, reverses, trials & loses- Cf. Job 1:13-22; 2:9, 10; 13:15.
  • B. If these qualities are not a vital part of our character, our hearts do not contain the love God demands of us.

III. CONCLUSION:

1. Thus, we have seen that love involves:

  • A. Obedience to God.
  • B. Sacrifice.
  • C.Right attitude toward word of God.
  • D. Service.
  • E. Right attitude toward brethren.
  • F. Right character.

2. Hence, love is not merely a sentimental feeling (“ooey-gooey,” syrupy, slurping, sugary, sweet nothing), but a practical demonstration of Christianity in every phase of our lives.

3. Just as wrong to strip love of its involvements as to strip faith of works.

4. One thus stripped is as vain as the other!!! Cf. Jas. 2:14-26.

5. Saved by real faith—saved by real love!!!

Author: McClure, Tommy